Types of Bird Nests

Macbeth and Othello Essay - 2866 Words

Macbeth and Othello â€Å"Upon my head they plac’d a fruitless crown And put a barren sceptre in my gripe, Thence to be wrench’d with an unlineal hand, No son of mine succeeding† (Macbeth, III.i.62) â€Å"Renew I could not like the moon† (Timon of Athens, IV.iii.68) What distinguishes Macbeth and Othello from other tragedies is the fact that their protagonists are neither fathers nor sons, mothers nor daughters. We know nothing of Macbeth or Othello’s parents, and neither of them has children. Lady Macbeth makes a passing reference to having once â€Å"given suck† and to â€Å"how tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks [her]† but never returns to the subject, and in any case, what remains impressed in one’s memory is the line that†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Desdemona is very distinctly no longer her father’s daughter: she has severed ties with him and no longer feels obliged to associate herself with him or define herself in terms of him, to the point where she claims she â€Å"would not [in her father’s house] reside to put [her] father in impatient thoughts by being in his eye† (I.iii.241). She is only â€Å"hitherto [his] daughter† (183). It is also interestin g to note that the only mention of her mother is made in this passage—we have a brief glimpse of her mother â€Å"preferring [Brabantio] before her father† (186) before she vanishes again into obscurity. That said, what is much more striking is Othello’s complete lack of parentage. After all, one might argue that in Desdemona’s case cutting herself off from her father is acknowledging that she has one. In the case of Othello, there is no mention of a father, a mother, not even a glimpse of a past family. We hear of his past conquests and victories, the battles in which he has fought and the seas he has sailed, but there is no personal history or any sense that someone came before Othello, that he is connected to anything less ephemeral than a list of battles. â€Å"The story of [his] life from year to year† is depicted in terms of â€Å"battles, sieges, fortunes that [he has] pass’d† rather than parentage (I.iii.128). The same holds true forShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Macbeth And Othello1075 Words   |  5 Pagessimilarities. Mainly, Macbeth in Macbeth and Othello in Othello are ultimately the exact same person, despite being different peo ple in different environments. Furthermore, Lady Macbeth and Iago are similar in relation to the two main characters. First off, it is paramount to explore the secondary character’s personalities to emphasize their similarities. Shakespeare depicts Iago as having an insatiable lust for power. He uses Desdemona, oblivious to his plan, to trick Othello to ultimately have whatRead MoreEssay on Comparison: Macbeth and Othello1908 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare presents the tragedies, Macbeth and Othello as plays filled with plots driven by manipulation. Shakespeare uses the power of language in the characters Iago and Lady Macbeth by using influential rhetoric to sway those around them and also lead to the deadly downfall of Othello and Macbeth. In both of their cases, Shakespeare reveals the power of power because when things do not go according to plan, their own downfall is inevitable as well. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth’s actions show that womenRead MoreHuman Weakness in Macbeth and Othello2915 Words   |  12 PagesMacbeth is one of the best known plays written by Shakespeare in the 17th century, Jacobean period. It was the period where the belief in supernatural was greatly held and king James I himself, the author of Divine rights of king adhered in witchcraft and openly practiced the idea of kings being God’s representatives on earth, so to even complain about them was a sin. The tragic hero, brave and valiant Macbeth had all the required characteristics of the ideal Scottish soldier; valorous and gallantRead MoreEssay about Comparing Macbeth and Othello1019 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Macbeth and Othello A masterful playwright and poet named William Shakespeare in the Seventeenth century wrote both the tragedies Macbeth and Othello. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the idea of one character becoming both victim and villain is introduced. Macbeth falls prey to others’ deception, and is supplanted with greed and hate when three witches trick him. When told that he is going to be King of Scotland, Macbeth does whatever he can to insure his property. In Macbeth’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Othello1417 Words   |  6 PagesHello, I’m William Shakespeare, the famous and historically known playwright of plays such as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello and Macbeth. Today I will be talking to you all about two of my plays, Othello and Macbeth. I will also be talking to you all about the social, political and historical themes in my plays and my intent for writing them. I wrote Macbeth and Othello during the reign of King James the 1st of England. Events that were occurring during that time period and the feeling of theRead MoreWhat Are The Similarities Between Macbeth And Othello1267 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is the playwright in which the works of Macbeth and Othello are written . These works are both written in Shakespeares signature style of tragedy where a character experiences a reversal of fortune at the hands of their own actions. A true tragic hero is a character who is admired while being flawed; has both good and evil characteristics; experiences a hamartia, a moral mistake or ignorant error; is given an opportunity for redemption yet continues refusing; experiences theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Othello1984 Words   |  8 PagesExplore the ways in which characters emotions are manipulated in Macbeth and Othello The way that Shakespeare implements manipulation into Othello and Macbeth leads to significant emotional change in the majority of characters in both plays. This leads to protagonists’ eventual downfall in many cases, due to the language and imagery that Shakespeare creates in the tragedies. The schemists tend to exploit weaknesses in the victims, such as ambitions. This can be witnessed by the audience at a veryRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Othello 2034 Words   |  9 Pages A clear view of the relationships established in Macbeth and Othello can be seen through the inferior partner s views on the other person in the relationship, and also their balance of power. Lady Macbeth rarely addresses Macbeth with his real name, but instead with titles such as Great Glamis! and Worthy Cawdor - referring to his positions. However Iago refers to Othello with titles such as The Moorship, which is a play on Lordship - including a reference to his race. The useRead More Comparing Macbeth, Hamlet, and Othello Essay2768 Words   |  12 PagesComparing Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Hamlet, and Othello  Ã‚      Shakespeare’s tragedies were extremely popular in Elizabethan times and today. A tragedy is described as â€Å"a sad, serious story or play, usually ending with the death of the hero. A disastrous, fatal or dreadful event.† By comparing the three plays, Macbeth, Hamlet and Othello it is possible to see how he has used techniques appropriate to tragedy and how he applied them to his plays. The opening of the play is significant because itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Vs. Othello1006 Words   |  5 PagesNadia Chilcoat Macbeth vs. Othello Period: â…š 12/12/2014 Macbeth vs. Othello Ancient Greeks believed that a tragic hero must be admirable but flawed, someone the audience can sympathize with, and someone capable of good and evil. The main character must also have a doctrine of free will, in which they are able to redeem themselves, but they continue to fall freely in a downward spiral from a position of superiority. The audience must also be able to

Asset Classes Calculation

Question: Calculate the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Standard deviation of four different asset classes. Answer: Introduction This assignment is fully consisting of calculating the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Standard deviation of four different asset classes. It also shows the risk return characteristics of these different classes of assets in the portfolio. This assignment also shows the effect of fiscal and Referencingonetary policy in the economic condition as well as the factors that determines the sensitivity of the firms earnings on the business cycle. this assignment also consist of calculation based on the black scholes model, difference between futures and options, calculation of daily market to market settlements and measuring the performance of the portfolio using the various methods such as Sharpe, Treynor method, Jeanson Alpha. a) Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and Standard Deviation of returns of four asset classes Arithmetic mean can be defined as the measure of central tendency of the sample which can be computed by dividing the total of the data in the table by the number of data in the table. It is actually the average of the given data. Geometric mean can be defined as the nth root of the product n, which is much different from that of the arithmetic mean. Standard deviation () can be defined as the measure which is usually used for quantifying the sum of deviation. If the value of standard deviation is low it means that the actual value is very close to the expected value but if the value of standard deviation is high it represents that the actual value is far away from the expected value. For Australian shares mean 7.147619 G.Mean 11.67384 S.D 18.74643 For Australian Bonds mean 6.714286 G.Mean 6.474475 S.D 1.979719 For Cash Rates mean 6.157143 G.Mean 5.832839 S.D 2.441223 For international shares mean 5.847619 G.Mean 15.76595 S.D 19.01293 From the calculation it has been seen that the arithmetic mean of the Australian shares, Australian bonds, cash rates and international shares are 7.147619, 6.714286, 6.157143, and 5.847619 respectively. The arithmetic mean is highest in Australian bonds and lowest in international shares. The geometric mean of the Australian shares, Australian bonds, cash rates and international shares are 11.67384, 6.474475, 5.832839, and 15.76595 respectively. The geometric mean is highest in international bonds and lowest in cash rates. The standard deviation of Australian shares, Australian bonds, cash rates and international shares are 18.74643, 1.979719, 2.441223, and 19.01293 respectively. The standard deviation is highest in international shares which mean that the actual value is far away from the expected value and the lowest value is Australian bonds which mean that the actual value is very close to the actual value. B finding the efficient frontier and CAL values of three as well as four assets Bordered Covariance Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) Australian Bonds % return Cash Rate % average return Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) 334.6939 -3.3483 -13.3961 Australian Bonds % return -3.3483 3.732653 3.422517 Cash Rate % average return -13.3961 3.422517 5.675782 Correlation Matrices Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) Australian Bonds % return Cash Rate % average return Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) 1 -0.09473 -0.30735 Australian Bonds % return -0.09473 1 0.743574 Cash Rate % average return -0.30735 0.743574 1 expected weight 0.34762075 sd 4.45434258 sharp -1.4126393 cal -0.0317138 For four assets Bordered Covariance Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) Australian Bonds % return Cash Rate % average return International Shares % return Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) 4.111105 0.170998 0.067995 1.734405 Australian Bonds % return 0.170998 0.051819 -0.00797 0.104407 Cash Rate % average return 0.067995 -0.00797 0.050475 0.141441 International Shares % return 1.734405 0.104407 0.141441 4.584085 Correlation Matrices Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) Australian Bonds % return Cash Rate % average return International Shares % return Australian Shares % return (ex dividends) 1 0.370482 0.149265 0.399526 Australian Bonds % return 0.370482 1 -0.15574 0.21422 Cash Rate % average return 0.149265 -0.15574 1 0.294044 International Shares % return 0.399526 0.21422 0.294044 1 expected weight 1.070197 sd 0.908985 sharp -6.1275 cal -0.6741 The investments that are made by the individuals are broadly classified into two broad heads such as growth assets and defensive assets. Growth assets are those assets which are mainly planned for the growth of the investment of the individuals. These investments include shares, property, substitute investments etc. defensive assets are those assets which comprises of the investment in cash and fixed interest. These assets have lower risk as a result of which it generates lower return. For the growth assets, higher risk will indicate higher return where as for defensive assets; lower risk will indicate lower return ("Asset classes explained", 2016). For the shares which indicates the ownership of the individual in the company, the return of which comes from the increase or decrease in the share price as well as the dividend received by the shareholders out of the profits of the company. For the cash which is a defensive asset, the return comes from the interest rates on the money which is deposited in the bank as from the short term money market securities. For the bonds which is also a defensive assets the return comes from the interest on the amount of the loan as well as the increase and decrease in the value of the underlying securities. c) Influence of fiscal and monetary policy on economy During 1930s, there was an immense depression which has influenced the political and economic thoughts of the country. The economic stability is generally been preferred by the house holds during short run, which allows them to continue steady consumption with the help of continuous service stable income. Whereas, growth can be reduced due to unnecessary fluctuations in the economic conditions during long run. Fiscal policy is a short of decision of the government about the expenditure as well as the taxing. When the government is willing to increase the expansion in the economy then the government will have to increase the expenditure on goods and services. As a result the demand for goods and services gets increased. On the other hand, if the economy is growing rapidly as per the government then the government can curtail down its expenditure. If the government reduces its expenditure the demand prevailing in the economy will also gets decreased. Payment of tax to the government is another side of the fiscal policy. If the tax rates get reduced it indicates that it will motivate to increase the growth in the economy (Auerbach, 2003). Some economists think that there will be a crowding out effect in the economy due to the expenditure incurred by the government and reduction in tax rates. The government will have to lend money if the sufficient amount is not available with the government for doing expenditure. As per the economist, government lending increases the interest rates which in turn dishearten the individual for the investment. Economist thinks that expenditure incurred by the government may crowd out the investment done by the individual as well as the business. Again if the government wants to reduce the economy from overheating then it can increase the tax rates. This will result in the less spending of money, little number of people will be hired and ultimately the economy will slow down Monetary policy is a kind of decision that the government takes for the supply of money as well as interest rates. Therefore the monetary policy plays an important role in controlling the growth of the economy via various channels. The stability of the price can be maintained which helps in sustainable growth in the economy (Fender, 2012). Constant boost in the price level is used as an effective tool by the monetary policy to control the supply of money in maintaining stability of price during the medium to long term. In other way it can be said that economic performance is getting damaged due to high inflation in long run. Expectations about the economic activities and the inflation rates are highly influenced by the monetary policy which in turn affects the prices of assets and commodities, consumption, exchange rates and investments. Financing situation of the economy is also affected by the monetary policy of the country (Mankiw, 2002). The decision taken in the monetary policy helps to reduce the interest rates which at last results in the increase in the investments and buying of consumable products also get increased. When the low interest rates are prevailing in the market, it becomes more attractive to purchase the stocks as well as the low interest rates may cause depreciation in the currency. Thus it may be seen that the output may be increased due to the various combination of above mentioned factors (Persson, 2000) Three main factors determining the sensitivity of firms income on business cycle Most of the times it has been seen that the economy of the country faces well as well as a bad situation. This phase of depression as well as improvement is commonly known as business cycle. Though economy of the country faces various stages of the cycle of the business, therefore, it has been noticed that the relative performance will expected to vary from industry to industry. It has been seen that cyclic industries performs very well during improvement phase where as the defensive industries smash up other industries during depression phase. Once the economist analyse the state of economy prevailing in the country, then it becomes mandatory to determine the sensitivity of the firms earnings on business cycle. The factors are as follows:- Sensitivity to sales:- Necessary items like foods, medicine etc will have a very low sensitivity in relation to the business conditions. On the other hand, transportation, machine tools etc have high sensitivity in relation to sales. Operating leverage:- It shows the separation between the variable cost as well as the fixed cost. A firm with greater amount of variable cost as compared to fixed cost will be termed as not as much sensitive to business conditions. On the other hand, the firm having higher amount of fixed cost will move to and fro more extensively with sales. Financial leverage:- The payment of interest on debt have to be paid in spite of higher amount of sales. The payment of interest causes drainage of profit. As the payment of interest is treated as fixed cost which results in the increasing the sensitivity of profit to business conditions. d) Black-Scholes model The black schole model is a model which is used for pricing the European options as well as the derivatives. It is basically the option pricing model which helps in the determination of value for call or put options. The Black-Scholes formula is used to calculate the current value of a European call option on a stock which pays no dividends before expiration of the option (Birge and Linetsky, 2008). The formula of this model is as follows:- The detailed of the calculation are as follows:- s 39 t 0.5 sigma 0.3 r 0.053 x 35 d1 0.296598 d1 0.084466 call options 21.68393 e) Calculation of daily market to market settlements on the basis of long position of the future contracts Maintenance margin = 5% of ($1197.90*100) = $5989.5 Initial margin = 10% of ($1197.90*100) = $11979 Days Future Price Profit or loss Initial Margin Maintenance Margin Margin call Value 8.02.16 $119,790 $80 $11,979 $5,989.50 - $80 9.02.16 $119,870 ($400) - - - $80-$400= ($320) 10.02.16 $119,470 $5,320 - - $5989.50-$4910 = $1079.5 ($320)+$5230= $4910+$1079.5 = $5989.5 11.02.16 $124,790 ($880) - - $5989.50 - $5109.5 = $880 $5989.5 + ($880) = $5109.5 + $880 = $5989.5 12.02.16 $123,910 $0 - - - $5989.5+$0 = $5989.5 15.02.16 $123,910 ($3,120) - - $5989.5 - $2869.5 = $3120 $5989.5+($3120)= $2869.5 + $3120 = $5989.5 16.02.16 $120,790 $320 - - - $5989.5+$320 = $6309.5 17.02.16 $121,110 $1,500 - - - $6309.5+$1500 = $7809.5 18.02.16 $122,610 $430 - - - $7809.5+$430 = $8239.5 19.02.16 $123,040 ($2,090) - - - $8239.5+ ($2090)= $6149.5 22.02.16 $120,950 $0 - - - $6149.5+$0 = $6149.5 Difference between futures and options In option the buyer has the right to purchase the shares but the purchaser does not have the obligation. As a purchaser he or she has the right to choose the call option or put option but as the seller of the option he or she has only obligation. There are two types of options such as call option as well as put option. Future can be defined as the contract between the two parties for purchasing and selling specific assets at a certain time in future at a certain rate. Buyer and seller both has the obligation in completing the contract at a certain price and at a certain date in future. On the other hand in option, the buyer can opt for completion of contract but he or she is not bound to complete the option where the seller is bound to sell the contract. In future there is a specified date within which the contract must be completed. But in options the contract can be completed in any time before the contract expires. The most important difference between future and option is that op tion can be exercised before maturity where as the future is exercised after maturity(Neftci, 2004). f) Evaluation using the Treynor measure, Sharpe ratio, Jensens alpha Sharpe ratio is mainly build by William F. Sharpe which can be defined as the ratio of portfolio return reduced by the risk free rate of return whole divided by standard deviation (Brentani, 2004). The main objective of sharpe measure is to point out how well the equity investments are performing in comparison to the risk free rate of return. The purpose of calculating the sharpe ratio is to focus on how the individual is getting greater return after accepting the greater risk which is the inbuilt feature of the equity investment in comparison to risk free rate of investment. Speared ratio for fund portfolio = (12-5.5)/33 =0.196 =19.6% Speared ratio for market portfolio = (8-5.5)/25 =0.1 =10% Treynor ratio is mainly developed by the Jack L. Treynor which measures the return earned over and above the actual earnings. The Treynor ratio focuses on the evaluation of return of the investment comprising of the risk portfolio. Treynor basically focuses on how efficiently the portfolio is performing in the equity market. Treynor ratio for fund portfolio = (12-5.5)/1.15 =5.652 = 562.2% Treynor ratio for market portfolio = (8.5.5)/1. =2.5 =250% Jeanson alpha measure is the performance measure which shows the risk associated with the assets and is calculated with the help of the capital asset pricing model. It is also used to determine the excess return on the investment by using the capital asset pricing model. Security market line is used as the benchmark in this measure. The main purpose of this model is to reduce the value of beta so that there is an expectation of having the higher return on the risky assets. Choosing the market index is the important point in this measure as the market portfolio is measured with the performance of the portfolio. Alpha=12-(5.5+1.15( 8-5.5) =3.625 Referencing Auerbach, A. (2003)Fiscal policy. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Birge, J. Linetsky, V. (2008)Financial engineering. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Brentani, C. (2004)Portfolio management in practice. Oxford [England]: Burlington, MA. Cooper, R. et al. (1998)Portfolio management for new products. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Fender, J. (2012)Monetary policy. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Mankiw, N. (2002)Monetary policy. 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Neftci, S. (2004)Principles of financial engineering. San Diego, Calif.: Elsevier Academic Press. Persson, T. (2000)Monetary and fiscal policy. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.